In 1991, Microsoft capitalized on Word for Windows' increasing popularity by releasing a version of Word for DOS, version 5.5, that replaced its unique user interface with an interface similar to a Windows application. With the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers. The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Mac OS and was never updated. In 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST under the name Microsoft Write. Many users say it is the best version of Word for Mac OS ever created. Word 5.1 for Mac OS, released in 1992, was a very popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use, and feature set. After MacWrite Pro was discontinued in the mid-1990s, Word for Mac OS never had any serious rivals. Within a few months, Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, which was mailed free to all registered users of 3.0. Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format (RTF) specification, but was plagued with bugs. The second release of Word for Mac OS, shipped in 1987, was named Word 3.0 to synchronize its version number with Word for DOS this was Microsoft's first attempt to synchronize version numbers across platforms. After its release, Word for Mac OS's sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years. It fulfilled a need for a word processor that was more capable than MacWrite. įollowing the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac OS added true WYSIWYG features. It was also notable for its very fast cut-and-paste function and unlimited number of undo operations, which are due to its usage of the piece table data structure. This was made easier by Word for DOS having been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public. In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to the classic Mac OS (known as Macintosh System Software at the time). However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the next six years. It was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar. Advertisements depicted the Microsoft Mouse and described Word as a WYSIWYG, windowed word processor with the ability to undo and display bold, italic, and underlined text, although it could not render fonts. Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse. That year Microsoft demonstrated Word running on Windows. Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World, making it the first to be distributed on-disk with a magazine. Its name was soon simplified to Microsoft Word. Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix and MS-DOS in 1983. Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, who became the primary software engineer. In 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC. Main article: History of Microsoft Word Origins Using Wine, versions of Microsoft Word before 2013 can be run on Linux.Ĭommercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft 365 suite of software, which can be purchased either with a perpetual license or as part of a Microsoft 365 subscription. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including: IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running the Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T UNIX PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1990), macOS (2001), Web browsers (2010), iOS (2014) and Android (2015). It was first released on October 25, 1983, under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft.
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The focus here is not on blood-sucking, which is not attested for the draugr, but rather, contagiousness or transmittable nature of vampirism, that is to say, how a vampire begets another by turning his or her attack victim into one of his own kind. The draugr has also been conceived of as a type of " vampire" by folktale anthologist Andrew Lang in late 1897, with the idea further pursued by more modern commentators. The draugr is a "corporeal ghost" with a physical tangible body and not an "imago", and in tales it is often delivered a "second death" by destruction of the enlivened corpse. Overall classification Ghost with physical body Ī further caveat is that the application of the term draugr may not necessarily follow what the term might have meant in the strict sense during medieval times, but rather follow a modern definition or notion of draugr, specifically such ghostly beings (by whatever names they are called) that occur in Icelandic folktales categorized as "Draugasögur" in Jón Árnason's collection, based on the classification groundwork laid by Konrad Maurer. of aptrganga) and reimleikar (‘haunting’) in these medieval sagas are still commonly discussed as a draugr in various scholarly works, or the draugar and the haugbúar are lumped into one. īeings not specifically called draugar, but actually only referred to as aptrgǫngur (‘revenants’, pl. Yet Glámr is still routinely referred to as a draugr by modern scholars. Unlike Kárr inn gamli (Kar the Old) in Grettis saga, who is specifically called a draugr, Glámr the ghost in the same saga is never explicitly called a draugr in the text, though called a "troll" in it. īeings in British folklore such as "shag-boys" and "hogboons" derive their names from Old Norse: haugbui. The word is hypothetically traced to Proto-Indo European stem * dʰrowgʰos "phantom", from * dʰrewgʰ- "deceive" (see also Avestan " druj"). In Swedish, draug is a modern loanword from West Norse, as the native Swedish form drög has acquired the meaning of "a pale, ineffectual, and slow-minded person that drags himself along". Tolkien employed this term in his novels, though "barrow-wight" is actually a rendering of haugbúinn (literally the ‘howe-dweller’), otherwise translated as "barrow-dweller". The draugr was referred to as " barrow-wight" in the 1869 translation of Grettis saga, long before J. Often the draugr is regarded not so much as a ghost but a revenant, i.e., the reanimated corpse of the deceased inside the burial mound (as in the example of Kárr inn gamli in Grettis saga). Old Norse draugr is defined as "a ghost, spirit, esp. They are revenants, or animated corpses with a corporeal body, rather than ghosts which possess intangible spiritual bodies. The draugr or draug ( Old Norse: draugr, plural draugar modern Icelandic: draugur, Faroese: dreygur and Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian: draug) is an undead creature from the Scandinavian saga literature and folktales.Ĭommentators extend the term draugr to the undead in medieval literature, even if it is never explicitly referred to as such in the text, and designated them rather as a haugbúi (" barrow-dweller") or an aptrganga, literally "again-walker" ( Icelandic: afturganga).ĭraugar live in their graves or royal palaces, often guarding treasure buried with them in their burial mound. "Draug" redirects here for the 2018 film, see Draug (film) for the Norwegian role-playing game, see Draug (role-playing game). For the planet Draugr, see PSR B1257+12 A. If you’ve ever bought a Honda or Toyota in Georgia, you know these cars are famous for their reliability and lifespan. Our JDM Vehicles Are Built With High Standards Some of the classic cars we offer include Subaru Impreza WRX, Nissan Skyline, Mazda RX7, Nissan GTR, Toyota Hilux, Mitsubishi GTO, Mazda Eunos Roadster, Nissan Pulsar, Honda NSX, Toyota Celica GT4, and many more. Japanese Domestic Market, or JDM, refers to cars built and sold only in Japan-we find these cars, ensure their reliability, and import them legally so you too can enjoy these retro, customized, RHD cars. We hunt them down using our extensive list of contacts all over Japan, check them to ensure they meet our exacting standards, and arrange all the details to import them to the United States and deliver them to your door. 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In the start function of Enem圜ontroller Class, it get the Health component of the object and pass it to the m_health field. So if we call the Kill function on the Health field of the enemyobject, we should be able to kill that enemy object. While reversing the Enem圜ontroller class, i found out that it has a health field called m_Health which i assume handles the Health of the Enemy Object So this function do as what it sounds like, it will kill the object. It will also invoke the OnDamaged function stored in the OnDamaged Field. It takes a Health object as an argument, and it will set the CurrentHealth_k_BackingField field of the Health Object to 0.0 which i assume is the current Health of the object. While looking through the functions, i found one interesting function called $$Kill . When done right, you should now have detailed data types and functions in your ghidra. In there, select the script.json file generated by il2cppdumper. Click on the script tab, add the directory of il2cppdumper to your script directories and run the ghidra_with_struct script. Next, we need to run a script given to us by il2cppdumper called ghidra_with_struct.py . Then, import the il2cpp_ghidra.h by going to File>Parse C Code and add the il2cpp_ghidra.h . To start reverse engineering, open up ghidra and load the original gameassembly.dll in to it. Run the python script on the same directory of the header file and it will make a new header file called il2cpp_ghidra.h,which we can then use to ghidra. The script is called il2cpp_header_to_ghidra.py. But, fortunately for us, il2cppdumper provided us a script, to make this header file compatible with ghidra. We can also include these header files to ghidra to add its datatypes to ghidra. One of those files is il2cpp.h, we can include this header file when making our own hacks to aid us. To start, download il2cppdumper and dump the game’s GameAssembly.dll file. This is what allows hackers to easily reverse engineer these games. When unity games are compiled to il2cpp, its metadata are stored in \il2cpp_data\Metadata . For this writeup, we will be using again a demo game i made. It is harder to hack than mono but it is still fairly simple. Unlike mono, it is harder to decompile games in il2cpp since they are compiled to machine code. IL2CPP is a Unit圓d technology for converting C# code to C++ code and from there native compilation for a particular platform. This time, we will be hacking unity games compiled in il2cpp. Last writeup, we talk about how to hack unity games compiled on mono. |
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